Assignments/Tests: 2014-2015 Date Due:
Term 1:
1. Plate Tectonics Worksheet Sept. 15
2. Q.16 & 17 in Text - Mapping Assignment Sept. 22
3. Quiz Chap 1 Sept. 26
4. Case Study Assignment Oct. 7th
5. Unit 1 Test Oct. 28th & 29th
Re-Test/ Quiz Nov.5th After School
Term 2:
6. Quiz Chap 3 Nov 12
7. Curonian Spit Case Study Nov 17
8. Seasons Case Study Nov 24
9. Quiz on Earth's Seasons Dec 3
10. Test on Weather and Climate Dec 16
11. Midterm End of Jan
Term 3:
12. Population Density Assignment Feb 12
13. Population Growth Case Study March 11
14. Population Test March 10
15. Soil Texture Assignment March 24
Term 4:
16. Test Chap 8-9-10 April 22
17. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Assignment May 7
18 Test Chaps 11-12 May 12
Term 1: Diagrams
Term 2 Diagrams:
•Northern
Hemisphere
•Continental
(inland)
•Temp
Range 30 Degrees Celcius
•Hot
summer, cold winter
•Average
Precipitation
Hemisphere
•Continental
(inland)
•Temp
Range 30 Degrees Celcius
•Hot
summer, cold winter
•Average
Precipitation
•Southern
Hemisphere (low temperatures are in May, June, July, and August)
•Temp
Range 10 to 30 degrees Celsius
•Continental
(Inland)
•Little
Precipitation
Hemisphere (low temperatures are in May, June, July, and August)
•Temp
Range 10 to 30 degrees Celsius
•Continental
(Inland)
•Little
Precipitation
•Coastal
•Temperature
Range less than 10 degrees
•Consistent
year temperatures (close to equator)
•Wet
summer dry Winter
•Temperature
Range less than 10 degrees
•Consistent
year temperatures (close to equator)
•Wet
summer dry Winter
Geo Qs Chap 18
1. Definitions:
Population density:
The measure of the number of people per given unit of land (usually given per km2).
Densely populated:
A large number of people per given unit of land. Most cities are densely populated.
Sparsely populated:
A small number of people per given unit of land. Most rural areas are sparsely populated.
The terms "densely populated" and "sparsely populated" are relative terms. For example, within one city, both "sparsely populated" and "densely populated" could be applied to various areas of the city. Similarly, in a rural area, not all parts of the area are evenly populated.
3a, Continent % Share of Population
Asia 64.6
Africa 12.6
North and Central America 7.9
South America 5.6
Europe 8.9
Australia & Oceania 0.5
4. Population density of Newfoundland (1996): 582000 people (371 960 km2= 1.6km2)
5. The pattern of Newfoundland's population distribution can be attributed to several factors. The vast majority of the population lives along the coast for several reasons. Most of the early settlers were
attracted to Newfoundland because of its fish stocks; a coastal settlement pattern developed at
that time to facilitate easy access to fish. Along the coast were numerous small raised beaches that
were relatively easy to build on. The small size of these raised beaches did not allow large
communities to develop, however, so numerous small communities arose as opposed to fewer large
communities. Because early fishing activities were usually conducted by small boats without engines,
fishing usually occurred near the communities. The desire to minimize competition within small areas
also caused people to develop smaller, widespread communities. With only a small number of families
in each small cove, each fisher could have almost exclusive rights to a specific fishing area. Further,
the earliest settlers were contravening a British government law prohibiting permanent settlement
on the island. To avoid being caught by the British authorities, they located in small, isolated outports
with few neighbours rather than in large bays with many neighbours. The interior of the province has not offered much in contrast to the coast. It is rocky, rugged, and mountainous in some areas, and has very little in the way of good farmland. This landscape did not attract the early settlers to the interior. In more recent times, as a transportation system spread throughout the interior of the province, a number of communities have developed there. These are usually resource communities or transportation/communication centers.
6 a Population density around the world.
a) Areas of high population density:
• northeast United States
• Europe, especially western Europe
• east Asia (China, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan)
• south Asia (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh)
Several smaller pockets have very high densities, including areas on the US West Coast,
the area around Nigeria, and the area around Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.
b) Areas of low population density:
• northern Canada
• northern Russia
• Antarctica
• the interior of Australia
• the interior of Brazil
• the interior of Asia
c) Whatever region the you select answers will most likely be quite similar. The latitude usually comes into play because of the inverse relationship between latitude and temperature: as latitude increases, the average temperature decreases. This means some areas of the world are extremely cold while others are very hot. Besides affecting temperature, elevation can also make travel to and from an area very difficult. At extreme heights, the amount of oxygen available is too limited to allow for settlement. Other climatic concerns include factors such as rainfall, number of frost-free days, hours of sunlight, and whether the area is prone to severe storms such as hurricanes and tornadoes. Along with climatic concerns are soil suitability concerns. Even if the climate is suitable for agriculture, is the soil?
7 b The population concentrations on most continents tend to be coastal and along major river valleys. The interiors often contain deserts, mountains, jungles, or areas with unsuitable climates. Antarctica is a major exception because it has no permanent inhabitants, and Europe shows a very high population density throughout much of the interior. Europe has a very high population and a relatively small amount of land. The many major river valleys throughout the region have attracted very large populations. The proximity to water is very important in all continents. Water allows for easy, cheap transportation for people and their goods. Much of the early colonization of some continents was by ship, and thus the coastal areas had a significant initial advantage. Before the existence of modem roads and air transport, travel to the interior of continents was usually both difficult and time-consuming. Consequently, settlement of the interior of most continents has always lagged behind that of the coastal areas. It is interesting to use the settlement sequence in Canada as an example demonstrating the significance of a location's proximity to a coast: even though British Columbia was much farther from Europe than Alberta or Saskatchewan, British Columbia had major settlements sooner than the other two provinces.
Coastal and river-valley settlements allow for fishing as a main economic activity or as a supplemental activity. Fresh water provides drinking water and can be used for irrigation. Rivers were and still are a source of power, and many early settlers chose town sites because of nearby potential water power to run a mill. Water can also be a convenient way to dispose of waste material. Especially in recent times, some people choose to live along coasts or rivers for the recreational or aesthetic value of the water.
8. a) The population of the world has gone from approximately 1 000 000 in 1888 to approximately 5 800 000in 1998,yet the actual land are inhabited by a significant population has not increased substantially. The larger human population has simply settled the same basic land area we have always lived in, but at higher densities.
1. Definitions:
Population density:
The measure of the number of people per given unit of land (usually given per km2).
Densely populated:
A large number of people per given unit of land. Most cities are densely populated.
Sparsely populated:
A small number of people per given unit of land. Most rural areas are sparsely populated.
The terms "densely populated" and "sparsely populated" are relative terms. For example, within one city, both "sparsely populated" and "densely populated" could be applied to various areas of the city. Similarly, in a rural area, not all parts of the area are evenly populated.
3a, Continent % Share of Population
Asia 64.6
Africa 12.6
North and Central America 7.9
South America 5.6
Europe 8.9
Australia & Oceania 0.5
4. Population density of Newfoundland (1996): 582000 people (371 960 km2= 1.6km2)
5. The pattern of Newfoundland's population distribution can be attributed to several factors. The vast majority of the population lives along the coast for several reasons. Most of the early settlers were
attracted to Newfoundland because of its fish stocks; a coastal settlement pattern developed at
that time to facilitate easy access to fish. Along the coast were numerous small raised beaches that
were relatively easy to build on. The small size of these raised beaches did not allow large
communities to develop, however, so numerous small communities arose as opposed to fewer large
communities. Because early fishing activities were usually conducted by small boats without engines,
fishing usually occurred near the communities. The desire to minimize competition within small areas
also caused people to develop smaller, widespread communities. With only a small number of families
in each small cove, each fisher could have almost exclusive rights to a specific fishing area. Further,
the earliest settlers were contravening a British government law prohibiting permanent settlement
on the island. To avoid being caught by the British authorities, they located in small, isolated outports
with few neighbours rather than in large bays with many neighbours. The interior of the province has not offered much in contrast to the coast. It is rocky, rugged, and mountainous in some areas, and has very little in the way of good farmland. This landscape did not attract the early settlers to the interior. In more recent times, as a transportation system spread throughout the interior of the province, a number of communities have developed there. These are usually resource communities or transportation/communication centers.
6 a Population density around the world.
a) Areas of high population density:
• northeast United States
• Europe, especially western Europe
• east Asia (China, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan)
• south Asia (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh)
Several smaller pockets have very high densities, including areas on the US West Coast,
the area around Nigeria, and the area around Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.
b) Areas of low population density:
• northern Canada
• northern Russia
• Antarctica
• the interior of Australia
• the interior of Brazil
• the interior of Asia
c) Whatever region the you select answers will most likely be quite similar. The latitude usually comes into play because of the inverse relationship between latitude and temperature: as latitude increases, the average temperature decreases. This means some areas of the world are extremely cold while others are very hot. Besides affecting temperature, elevation can also make travel to and from an area very difficult. At extreme heights, the amount of oxygen available is too limited to allow for settlement. Other climatic concerns include factors such as rainfall, number of frost-free days, hours of sunlight, and whether the area is prone to severe storms such as hurricanes and tornadoes. Along with climatic concerns are soil suitability concerns. Even if the climate is suitable for agriculture, is the soil?
7 b The population concentrations on most continents tend to be coastal and along major river valleys. The interiors often contain deserts, mountains, jungles, or areas with unsuitable climates. Antarctica is a major exception because it has no permanent inhabitants, and Europe shows a very high population density throughout much of the interior. Europe has a very high population and a relatively small amount of land. The many major river valleys throughout the region have attracted very large populations. The proximity to water is very important in all continents. Water allows for easy, cheap transportation for people and their goods. Much of the early colonization of some continents was by ship, and thus the coastal areas had a significant initial advantage. Before the existence of modem roads and air transport, travel to the interior of continents was usually both difficult and time-consuming. Consequently, settlement of the interior of most continents has always lagged behind that of the coastal areas. It is interesting to use the settlement sequence in Canada as an example demonstrating the significance of a location's proximity to a coast: even though British Columbia was much farther from Europe than Alberta or Saskatchewan, British Columbia had major settlements sooner than the other two provinces.
Coastal and river-valley settlements allow for fishing as a main economic activity or as a supplemental activity. Fresh water provides drinking water and can be used for irrigation. Rivers were and still are a source of power, and many early settlers chose town sites because of nearby potential water power to run a mill. Water can also be a convenient way to dispose of waste material. Especially in recent times, some people choose to live along coasts or rivers for the recreational or aesthetic value of the water.
8. a) The population of the world has gone from approximately 1 000 000 in 1888 to approximately 5 800 000in 1998,yet the actual land are inhabited by a significant population has not increased substantially. The larger human population has simply settled the same basic land area we have always lived in, but at higher densities.
Continuation of Notes... PowerPoint on Population Growth Rates
Education rate of the masses
•more aware of birth control
•increased education is correlated with decreased number of children
Education of females
Education of females
•the education of women has resulted in them taking on a greater variety of societal roles in developed nations.
•Career-oriented, having children put on hold.
•Number of children reduced.
•Statistics show that more educated women tend to have fewer children.
Employment for females
•Females working outside the home are more common in developed nations.
•This goes hand in hand with increased education.
•Women are having children later in life and are having fewer children
•Put family on hold to develop a career.
Ability to access birth control
•Birth control is a simple task in a developed nation, in lesser developed nations the cost is prohibitive.
•Feeding the family takes precedent over birth control.
•Furthermore the availability of places to obtain birth control is also a big problem.
Service sector jobs & the move from agriculture to urbanization
•people do not need large families to help on the farm as in the past or in under-developed countries.
•Developing and developed countries - they work in the city where the jobs are predominantly in manufacturing and in the service sector.
•Jobs - Birth rates also fall off when unemployment is low.
•Affects an area's income and, thus, its access to many other factors listed. Higher income/more developed countries have lower birth and death rates.
Health care
•Prenatal and family planning services are expensive and are predominantly found in more developed nations.
•Our government collects millions of dollars in taxes that contribute to public health nurses, hospitals, family planning clinics, and family living courses in grade school.
•Can affect both death rate (by increasing average life expectancy) and birth rate (babies are more likely to survive past childhood).
•Ex. Access to immunizations, family planning and birth control are also important to the overall picture of population growth.
Other Factors
•Age structure of the population - the number of women of child bearing age affects the rate of population growth (Births!).
•Total fertility rate - Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children that each woman will have in her lifetime and affects the birth rate. • •Climate - Natural disasters such as drought or flooding can affect food resources and the population will be affected accordingly.
•Standard of living - Birth rates are lower where standards of living and quality of life are high. Unfortunately, standards of living are difficult to raise in areas where population growth is high - this creates a negative feedback loop that is difficult for some countries to get out of. •immigration/emigration - the number of people entering or leaving a country (area) actually changes the population in a more complex way than by altering birth rate or death rate.
•Disease - in a given year (or even decade) epidemics of infectious diseases can increase death rate dramatically, particularly for a specific area. For example, the bubonic plague, AIDS, etc.. •War/political upheaval - War and political upheaval can also increase death rates.
Education rate of the masses
•more aware of birth control
•increased education is correlated with decreased number of children
Education of females
Education of females
•the education of women has resulted in them taking on a greater variety of societal roles in developed nations.
•Career-oriented, having children put on hold.
•Number of children reduced.
•Statistics show that more educated women tend to have fewer children.
Employment for females
•Females working outside the home are more common in developed nations.
•This goes hand in hand with increased education.
•Women are having children later in life and are having fewer children
•Put family on hold to develop a career.
Ability to access birth control
•Birth control is a simple task in a developed nation, in lesser developed nations the cost is prohibitive.
•Feeding the family takes precedent over birth control.
•Furthermore the availability of places to obtain birth control is also a big problem.
Service sector jobs & the move from agriculture to urbanization
•people do not need large families to help on the farm as in the past or in under-developed countries.
•Developing and developed countries - they work in the city where the jobs are predominantly in manufacturing and in the service sector.
•Jobs - Birth rates also fall off when unemployment is low.
•Affects an area's income and, thus, its access to many other factors listed. Higher income/more developed countries have lower birth and death rates.
Health care
•Prenatal and family planning services are expensive and are predominantly found in more developed nations.
•Our government collects millions of dollars in taxes that contribute to public health nurses, hospitals, family planning clinics, and family living courses in grade school.
•Can affect both death rate (by increasing average life expectancy) and birth rate (babies are more likely to survive past childhood).
•Ex. Access to immunizations, family planning and birth control are also important to the overall picture of population growth.
Other Factors
•Age structure of the population - the number of women of child bearing age affects the rate of population growth (Births!).
•Total fertility rate - Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children that each woman will have in her lifetime and affects the birth rate. • •Climate - Natural disasters such as drought or flooding can affect food resources and the population will be affected accordingly.
•Standard of living - Birth rates are lower where standards of living and quality of life are high. Unfortunately, standards of living are difficult to raise in areas where population growth is high - this creates a negative feedback loop that is difficult for some countries to get out of. •immigration/emigration - the number of people entering or leaving a country (area) actually changes the population in a more complex way than by altering birth rate or death rate.
•Disease - in a given year (or even decade) epidemics of infectious diseases can increase death rate dramatically, particularly for a specific area. For example, the bubonic plague, AIDS, etc.. •War/political upheaval - War and political upheaval can also increase death rates.
Review Chaps 18-19: Population Distribution
25 MTC
2 Short Answer
· Population Density
· Population Distribution
· Densely Populated vs Sparsely Populated
· Growth Rate
· Birth Rate
· Death Rate
· Natural Change / RNI
· Actual Population Change
· Actual increase/decrease
· Dependency Ratio
· ALL FORMULAS
· Factors Contributing to Graying Population
· Population Pyramids – Expanding, Stationary, Contracting
· Demographic Transitions Model
· Migration - Issues
· Immigration /Emigration
· Push/Pull Factors
· Obstacles /Repel Factors
· Census
25 MTC
2 Short Answer
· Population Density
· Population Distribution
· Densely Populated vs Sparsely Populated
· Growth Rate
· Birth Rate
· Death Rate
· Natural Change / RNI
· Actual Population Change
· Actual increase/decrease
· Dependency Ratio
· ALL FORMULAS
· Factors Contributing to Graying Population
· Population Pyramids – Expanding, Stationary, Contracting
· Demographic Transitions Model
· Migration - Issues
· Immigration /Emigration
· Push/Pull Factors
· Obstacles /Repel Factors
· Census
p.137
15. 15.Soil fertility.
a) A soil's fertility depends on the blend of inorganic
materials (rocks and minerals) and organic
materials (plant and animal remains). Soil is
actually a very complex material, and there are
many different types. The key in determining the
fertility of the soil is its humus content. Humus decomposed organic content-is a rich source of
nutrients for plants and other forms of vegetation.
Humus also absorbs and retains the moisture
required for plant growth.
b) Climate conditions affect soil fertility because
the decaying process of plants and animal
remains is determined by moisture and heat
levels. In regions with hot, moist climates-the
rain forest-bacterial action is rapid, so
vegetation and animal remains decompose
quickly. Second, nutrients are washed out of the soil by heavy rains. The result is a very infertile
soil: latosol. In the mid-latitude temperate
regions-the grasslands-the accumulation of
humus is greatest. Leaching and eluviation is not
excessive, and capillary action is moderate,
resulting in a thick, sod-grass type of vegetation.
Chernozem, the soil formed in these regions, is
extremely fertile. Tundra regions receive very
little heat because the tilt of the Earth on its axis
prevents these regions from receiving intense
sunlight. Temperatures are cold, with no month
exceeding an average of lO oC. As a result, there
is very little plant growth and little accumulation
of humus. The cold temperatures also impede
bacterial activity, and permafrost prevents
adequate water drainage. The result is a very
infertile soil.
p. 149
8. Commercial versus subsistence farming.
a) Ferguson's vegetable farm in Canada is an
example of commercial farming.
Kajal's rice farm in Bangladesh is an example of
subsistence farming.
b) Students' answers will vary. You may want to
make sure that students note the following
factors:
Size off arm: Subsistence farms tend to be small
family-oriented operations that would be
uneconomical as a commercial operation.
Lack of equipment: Subsistence farms tend to be
labour intensive and not suitable for modern
farm technology. Conversely, commercial farms
tend to be technologically advanced operations
with a low labour requirement.
Low yields: Yields are lower on subsistence farm
operations because farmers tend to produce the
same crop year after year, which depletes soil
nutrients. On commercial farm operations,
scientific farming techniques, use of fertilizers
and chemicals, and crop rotation all help
increase yields.
9. A Comparison of Two Family Farms
Size Equipment Yield
Canada large much high
Bangladesh small little low
p.151
10. All these factors contribute to making shifting
cultivation a unique type of farming.
a) The land is prepared by a technique called "slash
and burn" cultivation. Undergrowth is cleared
using machetes, and bark is removed from tree
trunks so that the trees will dry out. Finally, the
dry forest is burned away.
b) Farmers in the region grow crops such as tubers
(manioc and sweet potatoes) and rice.
c) After two to three years on one plot of land, a
farmer allows the land to revert back to rain
forest, a process that takes about 20 years. The
family will have three plots going at once, one in
fallow, one growing tubers, and one in full
cultivation. The family lives in field huts while
tending the plots and in a longhouse at other
times.
d) To support a family, approximately three to four
hectares of land must be cultivated. A village of
150people needs about 1440ha of land to sustain
both themselves and the forest environment
indefinitely.
e) After two to three years of cultivation, the soil
loses its fertility because it is exposed. The
tropical sun overheats the soil and excessive
rainfall increases the leaching of nutrients.
Together these factors lead to an increase in
bacterial activity, which reduces the soil's
fertility.
11.Various types of farming.
a) The mixed-vegetable farm is an example of
extensive farming. The rice farm in Bangladesh
shows intensive farming. The shifting cultivation
in Borneo also demonstrates intensive farming.
b) The Indonesian government favours
"commercial" and "extensive" farming.
15. 15.Soil fertility.
a) A soil's fertility depends on the blend of inorganic
materials (rocks and minerals) and organic
materials (plant and animal remains). Soil is
actually a very complex material, and there are
many different types. The key in determining the
fertility of the soil is its humus content. Humus decomposed organic content-is a rich source of
nutrients for plants and other forms of vegetation.
Humus also absorbs and retains the moisture
required for plant growth.
b) Climate conditions affect soil fertility because
the decaying process of plants and animal
remains is determined by moisture and heat
levels. In regions with hot, moist climates-the
rain forest-bacterial action is rapid, so
vegetation and animal remains decompose
quickly. Second, nutrients are washed out of the soil by heavy rains. The result is a very infertile
soil: latosol. In the mid-latitude temperate
regions-the grasslands-the accumulation of
humus is greatest. Leaching and eluviation is not
excessive, and capillary action is moderate,
resulting in a thick, sod-grass type of vegetation.
Chernozem, the soil formed in these regions, is
extremely fertile. Tundra regions receive very
little heat because the tilt of the Earth on its axis
prevents these regions from receiving intense
sunlight. Temperatures are cold, with no month
exceeding an average of lO oC. As a result, there
is very little plant growth and little accumulation
of humus. The cold temperatures also impede
bacterial activity, and permafrost prevents
adequate water drainage. The result is a very
infertile soil.
p. 149
8. Commercial versus subsistence farming.
a) Ferguson's vegetable farm in Canada is an
example of commercial farming.
Kajal's rice farm in Bangladesh is an example of
subsistence farming.
b) Students' answers will vary. You may want to
make sure that students note the following
factors:
Size off arm: Subsistence farms tend to be small
family-oriented operations that would be
uneconomical as a commercial operation.
Lack of equipment: Subsistence farms tend to be
labour intensive and not suitable for modern
farm technology. Conversely, commercial farms
tend to be technologically advanced operations
with a low labour requirement.
Low yields: Yields are lower on subsistence farm
operations because farmers tend to produce the
same crop year after year, which depletes soil
nutrients. On commercial farm operations,
scientific farming techniques, use of fertilizers
and chemicals, and crop rotation all help
increase yields.
9. A Comparison of Two Family Farms
Size Equipment Yield
Canada large much high
Bangladesh small little low
p.151
10. All these factors contribute to making shifting
cultivation a unique type of farming.
a) The land is prepared by a technique called "slash
and burn" cultivation. Undergrowth is cleared
using machetes, and bark is removed from tree
trunks so that the trees will dry out. Finally, the
dry forest is burned away.
b) Farmers in the region grow crops such as tubers
(manioc and sweet potatoes) and rice.
c) After two to three years on one plot of land, a
farmer allows the land to revert back to rain
forest, a process that takes about 20 years. The
family will have three plots going at once, one in
fallow, one growing tubers, and one in full
cultivation. The family lives in field huts while
tending the plots and in a longhouse at other
times.
d) To support a family, approximately three to four
hectares of land must be cultivated. A village of
150people needs about 1440ha of land to sustain
both themselves and the forest environment
indefinitely.
e) After two to three years of cultivation, the soil
loses its fertility because it is exposed. The
tropical sun overheats the soil and excessive
rainfall increases the leaching of nutrients.
Together these factors lead to an increase in
bacterial activity, which reduces the soil's
fertility.
11.Various types of farming.
a) The mixed-vegetable farm is an example of
extensive farming. The rice farm in Bangladesh
shows intensive farming. The shifting cultivation
in Borneo also demonstrates intensive farming.
b) The Indonesian government favours
"commercial" and "extensive" farming.